Table 1
Summary of study characteristics.
| Author (s) | Year | Study location | Gender | Stages of development | Modality | Type of research | Instruments | Software | Social influences | Study quality |
| Wyllerman et al. | 2002 | NS | M/F | I | Individual | Quantitative | Questionnaires | NS | F/C | B |
| Wuerth, Lee & Alfermann | 2004 | Germany | M/F | S/SP/I | Individual Collective | Quantitative | Questionnaires | NS | F | A |
| Wolfenden & Holt | 2005 | England | M/F | SP | Individual | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews | NS | F/C | A |
| Jowett & Timson-Katchis | 2005 | Republic of Cyprus | F | I | Individual | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews | NS | F/C | A |
| Ullrich-French & Smith | 2006 | USA | M/F | S/SP | Collective | Quantitative | Questionnaires | NS | F/T | A |
| Schinke et al. | 2006 | Canada | M/F | S/SP/I | Individual Collective | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews | NS | F | B |
| Mccarthy & Jones | 2007 | England | M/F | S | Individual Collective | Qualitative | Focus groups / semi-structured interviews | NS | F/C/T | A |
| Jowett | 2008 | England | F | S/SP/I | Individual | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews | NS | F/C | A |
| Ullrich-French & Smith | 2009 | USA | M/F | S/SP | Collective | Quantitative | Questionnaires | NS | F/T | A |
| Keegan et al. | 2009 | NS | M/F | S | Individual Collective | Qualitative | Interviews – focus group | NVIVO | F/C/T | A |
| Keegan et al. | 2010 | NS | M/F | S/SP/I | Individual Collective | Qualitative | Focus groups / semi-structured interviews | NVIVO | F/C/T | A |
| Bhalla & Weiss | 2010 | Canada | F | SP/I | Individual Collective | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews | NS | F | A |
| Fry & Gano-Overway | 2010 | NS | M/F | S/SP/I | Collective | Quantitative | Questionnaires | NS | C/T | A |
| Jowett & Cramer | 2010 | NS | M/F | SP/I | Individual | Quantitative | Questionnaires | NS | C | A |
| Lauer et al. | 2010 | NS | M/F | I | Individual | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews | NS | F | A |
| Taylor & Bruner | 2012 | England | M | S/SP/I | Collective | Quantitative | Questionnaires | EQS | C | B |
| Siekańska | 2012 | NS | M/F | I | Individual Collective | Quantitative | Questionnaires | NS | F | B |
| Dionigi, Fraser-Thomas & Logan | 2012 | Canada | M/F | I | Individual Collective | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews | NS | F | A |
| Nunomura & Oliveira | 2013 | Brazil | M/F | SP/I | Individual | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews | NS | F | B |
| Rottensteiner et al. | 2013 | Finland | M/F | SP/I | Collective | Quantitative | Questionnaires | SPSS | C | A |
| Atkins et al. | 2013 | USA | F | SP | Individual Collective | Quantitative | Questionnaires | EQS | F | A |
| Kubayi et al. | 2014 | South Africa | M/F | I | NS | Quantitative | Questionnaires | SPSS | F/T | B |
| Santi et al. | 2014 | NS | M/F | I | Individual | Quantitative | Questionnaires | SPSS/AMOS | T/C | A |
| Amado et al. | 2015 | Spain | M/F | S/SP/I | Individual Collective | Quantitative | Questionnaires | SPSS | F | A |
| Marsh et al. | 2015 | USA | M/F | S/SP/I | Individual Collective | Quantitative – qualitative | Interviews / questionnaires | SPSS | F/C | B |
| Kang, Jeon & Kwon | 2015 | Korea | M/F | S/SP/I | NS | Quantitative | Questionnaires | PASW | F | A |
| Cranmer & Sollitto | 2015 | NS | M/F | I | Individual Collective | Quantitative | Questionnaires | NS | C | A |
| MacPherson, Kerr & Stirling | 2016 | NS | F | S/SP/I | Individual Collective | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews / photo-elicitation | NS | T | A |
| Maniam | 2017 | Australia | M/F | I | Individual Collective | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews | NVIVO | F | B |
| Danioni, Barni & Rosnati | 2017 | Italy | M/F | SP/I | Collective | Quantitative | Questionnaires | NS | F | A |
| Folle et al. | 2018 | Brazil | F | S/SP/I | Collective | Qualitative | Semi-structured interviews | NVIVO | F | A |
| Note. Stages of development (defined based on Côté, Baker & Albernethy, 2003); S: Sampling (up to 12 years); SP: Specialization (13 to 15 years); I: Investment (over 16 years); M: Male; F: Female; NS: Not specified; F: Family; C: Coaches; T: Teammates; A: High quality, B: Moderate quality. | ||||||||||
