Table 2

Pre- and post-intervention outcomes for the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG)

Variables	G	Pre (x̄ ± SD/%)	Post (x̄ ± SD/%)	Δ	Within-group (p)	Cohen’s d
Bicycle commuting (yes)	EG	55.6 %	77.8 %	+22.2	.031*	—
Bicycle commuting (yes)	CG	8 %	24.0 %	+16.0	.22	—
Frequency bicycle usage (≥ 3/week)	EG	59.26 %	70.37 %	+11.1	.25	—
Frequency bicycle usage (≥ 3/week)	CG	12 %	16 %	+4	1.0	—
Mode of commuting to university (active)	EG	44.4 %	59.3 %	+14.9	.55	—
Mode of commuting to university (active)	CG	4 %	8.3 %	+4.3	.16	—
Intention to use bicycle for commuting (yes)	EG	96.3 %	96.3 %	0.0	1.0	—
Intention to use bicycle for commuting (yes)	CG	48 %	56 %	+8	.73	—
Intention to use bicycle to university (yes)	EG	85.19 %	74.07 %	-11.1	.45	—
Intention to use bicycle to university (yes)	CG	20 %	40 %	+20	.18	—
Total PALs (METs)	EG	5224.2 ± 3767.2	4893.3 ± 4614.2	-330.9	.19	-.3
Total PALs (METs)	CG	4313.5 ± 1941.7	3877.4 ± 3150.5	-436.1	.078	-.17
VPA (METs)	EG	1484.4 ± 1610.0	2635.3 ± 3589.9	+1150.9	.015*	.41
VPA (METs)	CG	1388.8 ± 1112.3	1617.6 ± 2154.2	+228.8	.962	.13
Moderate PA (METs)	EG	1039.3 ± 1074.4	1108.1 ± 856.4	+68.8	.78	.07
Moderate PA (METs)	CG	521.6 ± 434.0	968.8 ± 1057.6	+447.2	.018*	.55
Walking (METs)	EG	2700.5 ± 1853.9	1149.9 ± 1165.1	-1550.6	<.001***	-1.00
Walking (METs)	CG	2403.1 ± 1265.8	1291.0 ± 1112.6	-1112.1	<.001***	-.93
Sedentary time (hours/day)	EG	8.31 ± 3.84	7.78 ± 1.87	-0.53	.98	-.17
Sedentary time (hours/day)	CG	8.16 ± 2.16	7.26 ± 4.04	-0.9	.025*	-.28
Note. G = group; EG = experimental group; CG = control group; SD = standard deviation; PALs = physical activity levels; VPA = vigorous physical activity; p-values refer to within-group comparisons (Wilcoxon or McNemar tests, as appropriate); Δ = absolute change from pre- to post-intervention; “—” indicates not applicable or not calculated (no statistical test conducted due to polytomous variables or low cell frequency). Statistical significance was set at: p < .05 (), p < .01 () and p < .001 (**).

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