Table 2

Clusters’ mean scores, F-values, and effect sizes for social learning preferences and prosocial behaviors

Variables	Cluster 1: Highly competitive-cooperative- affiliative	Cluster 2: Relatively cooperative	Cluster 3: Relatively competitive-individualistic	Cluster 4: Relatively individualistic	F ^{(3, 294)}	η_p²
	n = 55 (18 %)	n = 133 (45 %)	n = 89 (30 %)	n = 22 (7 %)
Cluster dimensions – social preferences for learning
Competitive preference
Z-Scores	0.91 (0.58)^a	-0.62 (0.63)^b	0.64 (0.65)^a	-1.21 (0.70)^c	115.82**	.54
Raw. scores (1–5)	3.84 (0.46)^a	2.62 (0.50)^b	3.63 (0.52)^a	2.15 (0.56)^c
Cooperative preference
Z-Scores	0.88 (0.66)^a	0.27 (0.61)^b	-0.51 (0.75)^c	-0.99 (0.75)^d	70.70**	.42
Raw. scores (1–5)	4.32 (0.43)^a	3.92 (0.40)^b	3.40 (0.49)^c	3.09 (0.49)^d
Affiliative preference
Z-Scores	1.08 (0.59)^a	-0.11 (0.79)^b	-0.20 (0.57)^b	-0.86 (0.79)^c	55.50**	.36
Raw. scores (1–5)	3.68 (0.37)^a	2.95 (0.49)^b	2.89 (0.35)^b	2.49 (0.49)^c
Individualistic preference
Z-Scores	0.23 (1.07)^a	-0.58 (0.68)^b	0.50 (0.68)^a	0.32 (0.98)^a	33.28**	.25
Raw. scores (1–5)	2.91 (0.76)^a	2.34 (0.48)^b	3.11 (0.48)^a	2.98 (0.10)^a
Outcomes – prosocial behaviors
Empathy
Z-Scores	0.31 (0.92)^a	0.14 (0.87)^ab	-0.28 (1.02)^bc	-0.53 (1.36)^c	7.90**	.08
Raw. scores (1–5)	3.02 (0.42)^a	2.94 (0.39)^ab	2.75 (0.46)^bc	2.64 (0.62)^c
Respect
Z-Scores	0.07 (1.07)^a	0.20 (0.91)^a	-0.24 (0.93)^a	-0.37 (1.32)^b	3.61*	.04
Raw. scores (1–5)	3.16 (0.42)^a	3.21 (0.35)^a	3.04 (0.36)^a	2.99 (0.51)^b
Relatedness
Z-Scores	0.34 (0.95)^a	0.13 (0.84)^ab	-0.14 (1.00)^b	-1.09 (1.20)^c	14.10**	.13
Raw. scores (1–5)	3.23 (0.35)^a	3.16 (0.31)^ab	3.06 (0.37)^b	2.70 (0.44)^c
Leadership
Z-Scores	0.30 (0.94)^a	-0.05 (0.94)^b	0.14 (0.92)^ab	-1.02 (1.14)^c	14.00**	.13
Raw. scores (1–5)	2.71 (0.49)^a	2.53 (0.49)^b	2.63 (0.48)^ab	2.03 (0.59)^c
Note. Standard errors are reported in brackets. The different letters in super-indices indicate significant differences between groups. The coefficients for each group were extracted, allowing for pairwise comparisons. Z-Score = Standardized scores. Raw. = Absolute. = p < .05; *= p < .001

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