Table 2
Male (n = 30) and female (n = 15) serve ball speed and joint-specific force-time curve differences.
| Variables | Mean Difference | SD | ES | Descriptor | % |
| SV (km·h-1) | 19.3* | 3 | 1.9 | Large | 15.5 |
| MVC (maximal voluntary contraction) | |||||
| SHIR MVIC (N) | 22.8 | 5.7 | 0.45 | Moderate | 23.8 |
| SHE MVIC (N) | 23.1 | 0.8 | 0.45 | Moderate | 20.5 |
| SHIR RMVIC (N/kg) | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.25 | Small | 13.0 |
| SHE RMVIC (N/kg) | 0.2 | 0.11 | 0.22 | Small | 10.5 |
| RFD | |||||
| PRFD SHIR (N·s-1) | 349.6 | 142.6 | 0.86 | Large | 66.1 |
| PRFD SHE (N·s-1) | 508.3* | 139.3 | 1.12 | Large | 68.3 |
| SHIR RFD 0-30ms (N·s-1) | 285.4 | 179.6 | 0.67 | Moderate | 50.2 |
| SHIR RFD 0-50ms (N·s-1) | 251.3 | 171.9 | 0.67 | Moderate | 56.2 |
| SHIR RFD 0-100ms (N·s-1) | 134.2 | 98.2 | 0.61 | Moderate | 44.4 |
| SHIR RFD 0-150ms (N·s-1) | 50 | 50.5 | 0.34 | Moderate | 22.9 |
| SHIR RFD 0-200ms (N·s-1) | 23.6 | 18 | 0.22 | Small | 14.7 |
| SHIR RFD 0-250ms (N·s-1) | 33.5 | 13.8 | 0.5 | Large | 36.3 |
| SHE RFD 0-30ms (N·s-1) | 331.8 | 163 | 0.94 | Large | 53.7 |
| SHE RFD 0-50ms (N·s-1) | 290.5 | 146.1 | 0.94 | Large | 64.7 |
| SHE RFD 0-100ms (N·s-1) | 139.2 | 94.3 | 0.57 | Large | 42.6 |
| SHE RFD 0-150ms (N·s-1) | 40.2 | 32 | 0.22 | Small | 16.6 |
| SHE RFD 0-200ms (N·s-1) | 14.3 | 4.2 | 0.24 | Small | 7.5 |
| SHE RFD 0-250ms (N·s-1) | 26.2 | 17.1 | 0.44 | Moderate | 35.1 |
| IMP | |||||
| SHIR IMP 30ms (N·s) | 0.16 | 0 | 0.77 | Large | 49.8 |
| SHIR IMP 50ms (N·s) | 0.52 | 0.2 | 0.74 | Large | 59.1 |
| SHIR IMP 100ms (N·s) | 1.47 | 0.4 | 0.88 | Large | 56.9 |
| SHIR IMP 150ms (N·s) | 2.66* | 0.6 | 1.16 | Large | 50.3 |
| SHIR IMP 200ms (N·s) | 1.1 | 0 | 0.25 | Small | 10.4 |
| SHIR IMP 250ms (N·s) | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.29 | Small | 10.6 |
| SHE IMP 30ms (N·s) | 0.42 | 0.1 | 1.79 | Large | 153.1 |
| SHE IMP 50ms (N·s) | 0.91 | 0.3 | 1.6 | Large | 110.1 |
| SHE IMP 100ms (N·s) | 2.55 | 0.8 | 1.68 | Large | 108.6 |
| SHE IMP 150ms (N·s) | 3.27* | 1.3 | 1.26 | Large | 60.3 |
| SHE IMP 200ms (N·s) | 4.73* | 1.6 | 1.28 | Large | 48.6 |
| SHE IMP 250ms (N·s) | 5.6* | 2.3 | 1.24 | Large | 43.3 |
| SD = Standard deviation; ES = effect size; SV = serve velocity; MVIC = maximal voluntary isometric contraction; RMVC = relative maximal voluntary isometric contraction; SHIR = shoulder internal rotation; SHE = shoulder extension; PRFD = peak rate of force development; RFD = rate of force development; IMP = impulse. * = p < .05 | |||||
