Teachers\u2019 (de)motivating styles and their respective teaching approaches described in the circumplex model<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n(De)motivating style<\/td> Approach<\/td> Observable teaching behaviors<\/td> Level of BPN support<\/td> Level of directiveness<\/td><\/tr> Autonomy support:<\/strong> Refers to the teacher\u2019s adoption of an interpersonal tone of understanding, receptivity and flexibility toward students\u2019 educational needs and learning-related interests.<\/td> Participative<\/td> The teacher gives students a voice. Fosters joint decision-making in the learning process. Offers opportunities for choice. Takes their interests into account.<\/td> BPN facilitator<\/td> Low to medium<\/td><\/tr> Attuning<\/td> The teacher adapts content to students\u2019 interests and preferences. Accepts negative expressions. Explains the importance of learning activities. <\/td> BPN support<\/td> Medium<\/td><\/tr> Structure:<\/strong> Refers to the teacher\u2019s use of an interpersonal tone focused on progress and process, showing confidence in the student\u2019s capacity to develop their abilities and skills.<\/td> Guiding<\/td> The teacher provides both useful and detailed initial information and constructive feedback. Adjusts the difficulty of the activities to the student\u2019s capacities. Encourages students to complete the activities successfully.<\/td> BPN support<\/td> High<\/td><\/tr> Clarifying<\/td> The teacher clearly communicates expectations and objectives. Consistently supervises the process.<\/td> BPN facilitator<\/td> High<\/td><\/tr> Control:<\/strong> Refers to when the teacher displays a tone of pressure and coercion not only to prioritize their class agenda, but to make students think, feel and act according to the predetermined way.
<\/td>Demanding<\/td> The teacher uses orders, shouting and threats. Uses rewards and punishments. Uses an authoritarian tone.<\/td> BPN deprivation<\/td> Very high<\/td><\/tr> Domineering<\/td> The teacher induces guilt and shame. Uses expressions of disapproval. Uses personal attacks.<\/td> BPN thwarting<\/td> Extremely high<\/td><\/tr> Chaos:<\/strong> Refers to when the teacher adopts a laissez-faire style, behaving unpredictably and inconsistently, which not only confuses the student but also hinders the development of their skills.<\/td> Abandoning<\/td> The teacher gives up after several attempts. Does not provide help when needed.<\/td> BPN thwarting<\/td> Very low<\/td><\/tr> Awaiting<\/td> The teacher passively waits for the student to act. Does not initially intervene or guide.<\/td> BPN deprivation<\/td> Low<\/td><\/tr> Note.<\/em> BPN = basic psychological needs.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n\n\n\n